4.9:   The student understands how people adapt to and modify their environment.

4.21:  The student understands the impact of science and technology on life in Texas.

4.22:  The student applies critical thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

4.23:  The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

4.24:  The student uses problem solving and decision — making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

Kinder

American

• Gulf of Mexico
• North America
• Canada
• Local city

• Texas Indians: Kawankawa, Lippan Apache, Jumano

• Moses Austin
• Stephen F. Austin

Discuss Texas’ Independence Day

• March 2, 1836 (Independence from Mexico)

• Stephen F. Austin (the “Father of Texas”)
• Jane Long (the “Mother of Texas”)

Our Special State

Texas flag

• The Capitol in Austin
• State Motto: Friendship
• Famous Texans: Choose from Sports, Artists, Musicians, Writers [decide as a school who to focus on in each grade]

World

Locate Texas on North America

Science Connection

• Prarie Dogs, Javelinas, Mountain Lions, Rattlesnakes, Guadalupe Bass, Armadillos, Mockingbirds, bats, Whooping Cranes, Roadrunners

4.9:   The student understands how people adapt to and modify their environment.

4.21:  The student understands the impact of science and technology on life in Texas.

4.22:  The student applies critical thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

4.23:  The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

4.24:  The student uses problem solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

1^st

American

• Cave people, crossing the land bridge
• Aztecs (Tenochtitlan, Valley of Mexico)

• Hernando Cortes
• Dona Marina
• Moctezuma welcomed Cortes to Tenochtitlan in 1519
• Cortes took over Aztec city in 1521 and renamed it New Spain

Texas Empresarios

• People given land by the government who were allowed to sell the land to settlers
• Don Martin de Leon
• Patricia de la Garza de Leon

• Locate Austin Colony
• First colonists arrive in Texas (1821)
• Jane Long (the “Mother of Texas” and one of the Old Three Hundred in Austin Colony)
• Attacks by Karankawas and Tonkawas
• Colony’s capital — San Felipe de Austin

Mexican Restrictions on Texas

• Government in Spanish but United States settlers spoke English
• Mexico restricted slavery but United States settlers brought slaves with them
• Decree of April 6 (1830) — Mexico stopped immigration, limited trade between Texas and the United States
• Santa Anna refused to let Texas become a Mexican state’ he was becoming a dictator; collected taxes

4.16:   The student understands the important ideas in historic documents of Texas.

• San Antonio de Valero mission (1718)
• Casualties (189 Texans and 800 Mexicans)
• “Remember the Alamo”

Goliad Massacre

• “Remember Goliad!”

Texas Declaration of Independence (March 2, 1836)

• Signed by Jose Antonio Navarro
• Francisco Ruiz

Battle at San Jacinto

• Casualties (600 Mexicans, 10 Texans)

Capture of Santa Anna

• Sam Houston let Santa Anna go free in exchange for Texas’ freedom

• Santa Anna promised never to fight against Texas, send all Mexican troops out of Texas, and exchange prisoners
• Santa Anna (in a secret treaty) promised to have Mexico recognize Texas as independent

The Republic of Texas was born

• Louisiana Purchase (1803) & President Thomas Jefferson
• Pioneers moving west: Moses Austin & Stephen F. Austin (1820)
• Old Three Hundred (1825)

Our Special State

• Current Texas Governor
• Texas flag
• State bird: Mockingbird
• State flower: Bluebonnet
• Famous Texans: Choose from Sports, Artists, Musicians, Writers [decide as a school who to focus on in each grade]

World

Regions of Texas [names]

• Coastal Plains
• North Central Plains
• Great Plains
• Mountains and Basins

• Roman Catholic was the first religion; brought by Spanish; Panna Maria has the oldest church
• Largest religious group in Texas: Baptists
• Many Jews were European immigrants
• Also Muslims, Hindus, and Buddhists

4.17:   The student understands important customs, symbols, and celebrations in Texas

• May 13, 1846, United States declared war on Mexico
• Dispute over the border (Mexico said the Nueces River was the border, United States said the Rio Grande was the border)
• Both groups sent troops to the Rio Grande
• Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
• General Winfield Scott captured Chapultec, Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war; Rio Grande was the official border between the United States and Mexico; the United States paid $15 for California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado & Wyoming

Mexico want to be free from Spain

• Miguel Hidalgo’s   “Cry of Dolores” speech on September 16, 1810 (“dies y seis de septiembre”)
• Agustin de Iturbide led Mexico to freedom
• “Plan de Iguala” written by Iturbide — Mexico would be ruled by a king, the official church would be Catholic, and all Mexicans would have equal rights

4.9:   The student understands how people adapt to and modify their environment.

4.21:   The student understands the impact of science and technology on life in Texas.

4.22:   The student applies critical thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

4.23:   The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

4.24:   The student uses problem solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

2^nd American

• Written in (1836)
• President David G. Burnet
• Lorenzo de Zavala
• Compare and contrast with U.S. Constitution

• Gone to Texas (1920) — on horseback, covered wagon, flatboats, steamships, sailboats.  
• El Camino Real

Manifest Destiny in Texas 1840s

• Should the Republic of Texas join the United States?

New Means of Travel in Texas

• River steamboats, wagons, stagecoaches, trains

Cattle Drives

• Spanish brought the first horses and cows to Texas in the 1500s
• Tejanos as cowboys
• Discuss life on the range & cattle drives; stampedes
• Crowded cities in the North needed beef (and they didn’t have any place to raise cattle).   Cattle sold for $4 in Texas and $40 in the Northeast, so many would herd their cattle north to railroad lines in Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri
• Chisholm Trail (from San Antonio to Abilene)
• Lizzie Johnson Williams, “cattle queen of Texas”
• Invention of barbed wire by Joseph Glidden ended cattle drives

Railroads in Texas (1870–1890)

• Discuss impact on life and economy
• Work done by Chinese immigrants
• Texas Central Railway
• Growth of cities: Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, Forth Worth, Laredo, El Paso
• Growth of Industry: lumber, mines: coal, salt, iron ore; farmers joining together in the Grange (1873), Farmers’ Alliance Group (1875)
• Governor James Hogg; establishment of the Texas Railroad Commission (1890)

4.8:   The student understands the location and patterns of settlement and the geographic factors that influence where people live.   

Slavery in Texas

• “Cotton is King”
• Discuss slavery in Texas; plantations
• Discuss free African Americans in Texas, such as William Goyens (Nacodoches)

Debate for or against slavery raged in Texas as well as the United States

• Texas abolitionists: Melinda Rankin (Brownsville, 1852); Joseph and Helena Landa (New Braunfels)
• Texas secedes from the Union to join the Confederacy (1861); Governor Sam Houston did not agree to take the oath of loyalty to the Confederacy so he was replaced by Edward Clark

Texans fought in the Civil War

• 60,000 — 90,000 Texans joined the Confederate Army in the cavalry
• Terry’s Texas Rangers, Hood’s Texas Brigade
• Battle of Sabine Pass (September 8, 1863); the Davis Guards fought off the Union army and kept the war out of Texas
• Battle of Galveston (January 1, 1863)
• Battle of Palmito Branch (Brazos Island — May 13, 1865) was fought after the Civil War ended (word had not reached Texas yet)

End to Slavery in Texas

• Major General Gordon Granger announced that slaves were freed on June 19, 1865 (“Juneteenth”)

Reconstruction in Texas

• Freedmen’s Bureau opened 90 schools between 1865 and 1866
• Farms suffered without slaves, so many divided land and rented it to sharecroppers
• Texas rejoined the United States on March 30, 1870 under Governor Edmund J. Davis.  
• 13 African Americans were voted into government for the 1^st time

• Texas as a “land of opportunity”; people came to Texas from all over the world to find a better job or for religious or political freedom

• French people; Henri Castro created Castroville
• Germans created New Braunfels and Fredericksburg
• Southeast Texas — Czech and Slovaks
• Northeast Texas — Norwegians, Irish, Swedish
• Slaves were also brought to Texas
• 1^st Polish settlement in the U.S. was in Texas at Panna Maria
• Most pioneers were farmers; discuss life on the farm

4.8:     The student understands the location and patterns of settlement and the geographic factors that influence where people live.   

• Black Codes
• Separation of blacks and whites in public places

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Women

• Women’s suffrage leader from Texas — Eleanor Brackenridge; Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote (1920)

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: African Americans

• Segregation in Houston, Marshall; Christia Adair
• Civil Rights Act (1964) during President Lyndon B. Johnson’s term (a Texan)

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Mexican Americans

• Formation of the League of Mexican Women; Jovita Idar

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Native Americans

• Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

• The Alamo
• State Song, “Texas, Our Texas”
• Special Celebrations in Texas: the Rodeo
• Historical Celebrations in Texas: Juneteenth
• Famous Texans: Choose from Sports, Artists, Musicians, Writers [decide as a school who to focus on in each grade]

World

• Hindus
• Buddhists
• Chinese New Year Celebrations

4.9:   The student understands how people adapt to and modify their environment.

4.21: The student understands the impact of science and technology on life in Texas.

4.22:   The student applies critical thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

4.23:   The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

4.24:   The student uses problem solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

3^rd American

[compare to Native American groups studied from the US, study characteristics, discuss present day existence]

• Kawankawa (Gulf Coast)
• Lippan Apache (Plains)
• Jumano (Pueblo)
• Caddo (Forest)

Restrictions on Native Americans in Texas

• Spanish took away from Native American land to begin towns, ranches, and missions
• Settlers built in Texas
• Growth of railroads crowded land even more
• Chief Satanta did not want to give up freedom and land
• 1866 Indian Raids
• 1867 — Treaty of Medicine Lodge — Comanche, Kiowas, Cheyenne, Apache, Arapaho — agreed to move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma and live on reservations.   In exchange, the United States would give them food, clothing and money; Comanche Chief Quanah Parker refused to sign the treaty; treaty didn’t last long
• 1871 — United States sent William Tecumseh Sherman to Texas
• Discuss killing of buffalo by hunters who only used their hides (100,000 killed in 2 months in 1878) & Native American’s concerns
• Red River Campaign (1874) — 3,000 troops sent to Texas to stop raids and move Native Americans to reservations
• Battle of Palo Duro Canyon (September 28, 1874); Colonel Ranald S. MacKenzie led soldiers down to attack Comanche, Kiowa and Cheyenne.   They killed the Native American’s horses and destroyed their food.   This battle forced Native Americans out of Texas
• “Buffalo Soldiers” sent to protect Texas settlers; name Native Americans called the black soldiers due to their respect for their fighting ability; Henry O. Flipper

• Alonso Alvarez de Pineda (1519)
• Panfilo de Narvaez (1528)
• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (1528)
• Fray Marcos de Niza (1539)
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (1540)

Explorers in Texas

• Hernando de Soto (1539)
• Luis de Moscoso de Alvadaro (1542)
• Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle (1682)

What Explorers brought to Texas

• Spanish explorers brought cattle to Texas for meat and brought horses to ride

4.11:   The student understands the reasons for exploration and colonization.

• Spanish settlements along the Rio Grande (1700s)
• Spaniards live on ranchos
• Spaniards built towns (villas)

Life in Texas Colonies [focus on leadership issues in Texas]

• Read excerpts from Mary Crownover Rabb’s Travels and Adventures in Texas in the 1820s (1862)
• Homes: dugouts, log cabins
• Subsistence farming, cash crops

4.19:   The student understands the importance of effective leadership in a democratic society.

Our Special State

• Famous Texans: Choose from Sports, Artists, Musicians, Writers [decide as a school who to focus on in each grade].   Recommend: focus on sports to compare with the Colosseum

World

Important Texas Rivers

• Sabine River
• Angelina River
• Trinity River
• Brazos River
• Leon River
• Colorado River
• Guadalupe River
• Nueces River
• Rio Grande River

• San Antonio’s Fiesta

4.20:   The student understands the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups in Texas.

4.9:   The student understands how people adapt to and modify their environment.

4.21:  The student understands the impact of science and technology on life in Texas.

4.22:  The student applies critical thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

4.23:  The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms.

4.24:  The student uses problem solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

4^th American

• Government in Spanish but United States settlers spoke English
• Mexico restricted slavery but United States settlers brought slaves with them
• Decree of April 6 (1830) — Mexico stopped immigration, limited trade between Texas and the United States
• Convention of 1832 — discussed ways to improve relations with Mexico
• Convention of 1833 — Stephen F. Austin took colonists’ concerns to Mexico
• Stephen F. Austin left to meet Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna in Mexico City, and waited 5 months to talk with him
• Santa Anna refused to let Texas become a Mexican state
• Santa Anna was becoming a dictator; collected taxes
• William B. Travis led a group to confront Mexican soldiers (1835) at Anahuac
• Santa Anna sent General Martin Perfecto de Cos and 350 soldiers to San Antonio.   Battle at Gonzales (October 2, 1835) when Texans refused to give back a canon lent to them by Mexico (“Come and Take It”)
• Battle at Goliad (October 7, 1835); Texans led by George Collinsworth and Ben Milam
• Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to ask for money, supplies, and volunteers; Sam Houston led the Texas Army (1836)

Battle of the Alamo

• San Antonio de Valero mission (1718); “The Alamo” means cottonwood tree.
• David Crockett led 12 volunteers from Tennessee (I have come to aid you.”)
• James Bonham led men from Gonzales
• William B. Travis led 25 men from San Felipe de Austin, including Juan Sequin (“I call on you in the name of Liberty”)
• James Bowie (“We will rather die…than give up to the enemy.”)
• Texans thought they had time to prepare for battle, but Santa Anna’s soldiers (5,000) arrived on February 23
• Texans sent messages for help, but no one came
• Casualties (189 Texans and 800 Mexicans)
• “Remember the Alamo”

Goliad Massacre

• James W. Fannin led 300 Texans against Santa Anna; Texans surrendered and Santa Anna ordered them to be shot
• “Remember Goliad!”

Texas Declaration of Independence (March 2, 1836)

• Signed at the convention at Washington—on—the—Brazos
• Signed by Jose Antonio Navarro
• Francisco Ruiz

Texas Constitution (1836)

• written at the convention at Washington—on—the—Brazos
• President David G. Burnet
• Lorenzo de Zavala

Runaway Scrape

• Santa Anna   gave orders to destroy every town and farm they came across
• People panicked and fled
• General Sam Houston arrived in Gonzales, ordered everyone to leave, and he burned the city

Battle at San Jacinto

• Houston’s army surprises the Mexican Army on April 21, 1836

• Erastus Deaf Smith and Henry Karnes destroyed the bridge over Simms Bayou (the only way in and out)
• Texas won in 18 minutes
• Casualties (600 Mexicans, 10 Texans)

Capture of Santa Anna

• He escaped, hid, and was recaptured.   Texans didn’t know who he was until the Mexicans called him, “El Presidente!”
• Sam Houston let Santa Anna go free in exchange for Texas’ freedom

Treaty of Velasco

• Santa Anna promised never to fight against Texas, send all Mexican troops out of Texas, and exchange prisoners
• Santa Anna (in a secret treaty) promised to have Mexico recognize Texas as independent

Mexico want to be free from Spain (Review from Grade 1)

• Miguel Hidalgo taught Indian farmers how to grow olives and grapes, but Spanish government workers cut them down since Mexicans were required to buy these items from Spain
• “Cry of Dolores” speech on September 16, 1810 (“dies y seis de septiembre”)
• Jose Maria Morelos continued Hidalgo’s fight after he was killed
• Agustin de Iturbide led Mexico to freedom

• “Plan de Iguala” written by Iturbide — Mexico would be ruled by a king, the official church would be Catholic, and all Mexicans would have equal rights

4.15:  The student understands how people organized governments in different ways during the early development of Texas.

4.16:  The student understands the important ideas in historic documents of Texas.

• written at the convention at Washington-on-th-Brazos
• President David G. Burnet
• Lorenzo de Zavala

Local Texas Government

• municipal government; run by a mayor and city council (5—9 members); city manager
• Municipal government divided into departments: police, fire, sanitation, health, building inspector, planning and tax collection
• special districts (such as school districts)
• County governments — repair roads, run courthouse and jails, some hospitals, museums and airports; commissioners court; sheriff

State Texas Government [compare and contrast with National Government]

• Capital in Austin
• Executive, legislative and judicial branches

4.16:   The student understands the important ideas in historic documents of Texas.

4.18:   The student understands the importance of voluntary individual participation in the democratic process

• Texas was independent with its own government (could declare war, make laws, raise money through taxes, voted for their own President and congress)
• Texas still had problems: little money, fear of attacks from Mexico or Native Americans
• Columbia was chosen as the capital, but later moved to Houston; 3 years later moved the capital to Waterloo and renamed it “Austin”
• Chose Lone Star for the flag
• Formation of the Texas Rangers (1835) — volunteer army
• Sam Houston, first President of Texas (sympathetic towards Native Americans since he lived with the Cherokee for 3 years in Tennessee); signed a treaty with Cherokee Chief Phillip Bowles
• Mirabeau B. Lamar, 2^nd President of Texas, “father of education”; fought the Native Americans for Texas land; printed lots of paper money and bought Navy ships
• Sam Houston, 3^rd President of Texas
• Discuss debate for and against annexation of Texas
• Anson Jones (in favor of annexation) was elected 4^th President of Texas; James K. Polk (also in favor of annexation) was elected President of the United States.   Texas became the 28^th state on December 29, 1845.
• James Pinckey Henderson, 1^st   Governor of Texas was elected on February 19, 1846

4.18:   The student understands the importance of voluntary individual participation in the democratic process

4.20:   The student understands the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups of Texas.

• Norris Wright Cuney
• Black Codes
• Separation of blacks and whites in public places

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Women

• Women’s suffrage leader from Texas — Eleanor Brackenridge; Nineteenth Amendment gives women the right to vote (1920)
• Miriam “Ma” Ferguson was chosen the first woman governor for Texas (1924); Ann Richards was the second woman governor (1990)

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: African Americans

• Segregation in Houston, Marshall; Christia Adair
• Civil Rights Act (1964) during President Lyndon B. Johnson’s term (a Texan)
• Voting Rights Act (1965)

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Mexican Americans

• Formation of the League of Mexican Women; Jovita Idar
• United States Representative Henry B. Gonzalez
• United States Senator Mario Gallegos
• Henry Cisneros

Fighting for Equal Rights in Texas: Native Americans

• Indian Citizenship Act (1924)

4.20:   The student understands the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups of Texas.

Our Special State

• Six Flags over Texas
• Special celebrations in Texas (Watermelon Thump in Luling, International Chili Cook—Off in Terlingua, Strawberry Festival in Poteet)
• Historical Celebrations in Texas: Dies y Seis, Cinco de Mayo
• Famous Texans: Choose from Sports, Artists, Musicians, Writers [decide as a school who to focus on in each grade]

4.17:  The student understands important customs, symbols and celebrations of Texas.

4.20:  The student understands the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups of Texas.

World

Geography of the Western Hemisphere

• Locate Texas Landforms (Guadalupe National Park, Guadalupe Peak, Big Bend National Park, Cap Rock Escarpment, Balcones Escarpment, Edwards Plateau)

Regions of the United States

• The Northeast
• The Southeast
• The Middle West
• The Southwest
• The West

Regions of Texas

• Coastal Plains (landforms & locations)
• North Central Plains landforms & locations)
• Great Plains (landforms & locations)
• Mountains and Basins (landforms & locations)

• On missions, Europeans taught Christianity to Native Americans
• First mission: Ysleta Mission, built in 1681
• Daily routine: get up, pray, help in the fields, noon prayer and meal.   Native Americans had to obey the Spaniards — they were unhappy not to have choices
• San Antonio de Valero (1718) became San Antonio de Bexar

4.12:   The student understands the characteristics and benefits of the free enterprise system in Texas.

4.13:   The student understands patterns of work and economic activities in Texas.

4.14:   The student understands how Texas, the US, and other parts of the world are economically interdependent.

• May 13, 1846, United States declared war on Mexico
• Dispute over the border (Mexico said the Nueces River was the border, United States said the Rio Grande was the border)
• United States wanted to buy California and other land from Mexico.   United States sent a representative to Mexico to talk and keep peace, but Mexico’s government would not see him
• Both groups sent troops to the Rio Grande
• Governor Henderson joined the army
• Women such as Sarah Borginnis helped too
• Battle of Buena Vista (1847)
• General Winfield Scott captured Chapultec, Mexico City
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war; Rio Grande was the official border between the United States and Mexico; the United States paid $15 for California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado & Wyoming

Economic Growth in Texas: Past

Black Gold In Texas [focus on economic impact]

• Petroleum had been used by Native Americans to make their bowls waterproof; explorers used it to stop leaks in their boats
• 1850s — discovered that petroleum could be used for kerosene to burn in a lamp for light
• People dug   hoping to “strike oil”; Pattillo Higgins; Gusher at Spindletop (January 10, 1901)
• Beaumont & Kilgore became a boomtowns when oil was struck
• Discuss how petroleum goes from the ground to the gas pump; refineries

Economic Growth in Texas: Present

• Free-enterprise system; entrepreneurs; profit; investors; find examples of local entrepreneurs
• Discuss impact of technology on city and rural businesses: oil, food processing, logging, high-tech industry, farming, ranching
• Discuss large cities and businesses found there (Houston, Dallas, San Antonio, Austin)
• Discuss smaller towns, farms, ranches (King Ranch), and agribusinesses
• Major Texas products: cotton, sorghum, wheat, rice, nuts, fruits, and vegetables
• NAFTA (1993); makes it easier for Mexico, Canada and the United States to import and export products

4.10:  The student understands basic economic patterns of early societies in Texas and the Western Hemisphere

4.12:  The student understands the characteristics and benefits of the free enterprise system in Texas.

4.14:   The student understands how Texas, the US, and other parts of the world are economically interdependent.

4.20:   The student understands the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic and religious groups of Texas.

Economic Growth in Texas: World War I – World War II

World War I in Texas [focus on economic impact]

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand, a noble from Austria—Hungary was killed and World War I began
• United States joined the Allied Powers on April 6, 1917 (Great Britain, France, Russia) when German submarines sank U.S. passenger boats
• Central Powers were Germany, Austria—Hungary, and Italy
• Texans served in the war; Marjorie Stinson, Katherine Stinson; raised money, built military equipment (machine guns, tanks, airplanes), and outlawed German language in school

The Roaring Twenties in Texas [focus on economic impact]

• Businesses grew; many new inventions (automobile, cotton gin, tractors, vacuum cleaner, frozen foods, refrigerator, radio, telephone, movies)
• Discuss impact of cars on travel, farming, cities, use of gasoline, etc.

The Great Depression and World War II in Texas [focus on economic impact]

• Stock market crash of October 29, 1929 as the start of the Great Depression [causes and effects]
• 65,000 Texans lost their jobs
• Roosevelt and the New Deal (1932); Civilian Conservation Corps (“CCC Boys”) built the Riverwalk in San Antonio, San Jacinto Monument at Buffalo Bayou
• World War II was the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) versus the Allies (Great Britain, France, Soviet Union).   Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. United States declared war on Japan (and the Axis Powers).

• Texans served in the war: Lieutenant Audie Murphy, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby; also discuss African Americans and Mexican Americans who fought
• Texans provided oil, purchased war bonds, collected scrap metal and old tires; women took over jobs of men who were fighting in the war
• Training camps built in Texas: Fort Bliss (El Paso), Camp Barkeley (Abilene); 21 prisoner of war camps built in Texas: Seagoville, Crystal City, Kenedy; in 1988 United States officially apologized for war camps
• Growth of airplane, oil, and chemical industries

4.12:  The student understands the characteristics and benefits of the free enterprise system in Texas.

4.13:  The student understands patterns of work and economic activities in Texas.

4.14:  The student understands how Texas, the US, and other parts of the world are economically interdependent

Note:   Focus on conceptual objectives — compare and contrast Texas History with American and World History noted in Core Knowledge using these TEKS.   Use primary sources whenever possible.

7.20  The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the political, economic, and social development of Texas.

7.21  The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

7.22  The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms

7.23  The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

5^th American

Expansion and Conflict: Texas’ Trouble with Mexico (1845)

• Dispute over boundary between Texas and Mexico (Mexico claimed Nueces River was the boundary while Texas claimed it was the Rio Grande)
• Battles on May 8–9, 1846 at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma; disputes over Territory
• The Mexican War — discuss motivations for involvement; Texas Rangers joined United States troops (led by General Zachary Taylor and General Winfield Scott) as scouts since they knew the land (Famous Texas Rangers: Ben McColluch, Jack Hays, John “Rip” Ford, Samuel Walker, William A. A. Bigfoot Wallace)
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848); Mexico recognizes Texas as part of the United States; Rio Grande is the border between Texas and Mexico; Mexican Cession included: present—day CA, NM, NV, UT, AZ, CO, WY and the United States paid $15 million for this land; Mexico paid $3.25 million; Mexican Americans were promised rights of United States citizens
• Federal government settled border dispute between Texas and New Mexico in March of 1848 (east of Rio Grande was to be Santa Fe County, Texas).
• Compromise of 1850 — Texas paid $10 million to give up claims to New Mexico; territories gained from Mexico made their own decision about slavery (CA forbade slavery)
• Tejanos — Texans assumed Tejanos were supportive of Mexico during the war due to their Mexican ancestry.   Many fled or were exiled.   Famous Tejanos — Juan Seguin, Jose Antonio Navarro, Patricia de Leon)

Life on the Texas Frontier

Change of the Economy: Farms in Texas

• Farms doubled from 1850 to 1860
• Cashcrops — cotton; sugarcane
• Food crop — corn, sweet potatoes, wheat, sugarcane
• First farm exposition (1852) in Corpus Christi
• First state fair (1859) in Dallas; continues today
• Thomas Affleck; Glenblythe

Change of the Economy: Ranches in Texas

• Raising cattle for profit began in 1845
• Increased ten times in value from 1850 to 1860
• Thomas Sanchez; ranch at Laredo (1755)
• Cattle sold or slaughtered for food, hides, tallow for soap and candles
• Famous ranchers: James Taylor White; Richard King; Mifflin Kenedy; Aaron Ashworth; John Chisum; Manuel Musquiz; Samuel and Mary Ann Maverick

Growth of Industry in Texas (1850–1860)

• Little need for manufactured products prior to 1850
• Grist mill (machine for grinding grain into meal or flour); cotton gins; sawmills
• Businesses to build wagons and carriages
• Breweries, tanneries, textile factory; pottery makers
• Professions in Texas: lawyers, doctors, dentists, teachers, ministers, architects
• Famous Texas women: Angelina Eberly, Elise Waerenskjold; Jane McManys Cazneau; Melina Rankin; Sally Scull; Zeila Husk; Diana Leonard

Growth of Transportation in Texas (1850–1860)

• Roads; Stagecoaches and Freight Lines; (Railroads — came to Texas in 1852); River Transportation; Camel Experiment

Growth of Social and Cultural Institutions in Texas (1836–1855)

• School Law of 1854 set aside $2million for a permanent school fund (San Antonio had free public schools beginning in 1853); discuss private schools;
• Rutersville College (1840); Baylor University (1845); Austin College (1849)
• Social life around churches; rise of Protestant, Methodist and Baptist churches (Roman Catholic restriction lifted in 1836)
• Newspapers — from 20 in 1840 to 80 in 1860; no national news until 1850; women were not mentioned
• Health and Medicine — Medical Association of Texas (1853)
• Law Enforcement — Texas Rangers (state); sheriffs, police (local); state penitentiary built in 1849
• Literature — families had Bibles and McGuffy Readers; libraries grew from 12 in 1850 to 132 in 1860; many books written about the Texas Revolution: The Rise, Progress, and Prospects of Texas (1841); History of Texas (1855); Journey Through Texas; Texas and the Gulf of Mexico;   (fiction )Eagle Pass; Headless Horseman
• Artists — Jose Sanchez, Friedrich Richard Petri, Herman Lunhkwitz, Carl von Iwonski, Louisa Heuser Wueste, Eugenie Lavender, Theodore Gentilz

7.10: The student understands the effects of the interaction between humans and the environment in Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries.

• 1836 Texas Constitution legalized slavery, so the number of slaves increased from 5,000 to 46,000 by 1846

Slavery in Texas

• 5,000 slaves in 1836; 182,566 in 1860 — owned by 25% of families in Texas
• Plantations — large cash crops of cotton or tobacco; slaves increased the profits of plantation owners (since they only had to pay food, clothing and shelter)
• Discuss lives of plantation owners, slaves, and free blacks (compare and contrast)
• Abolitionists in Texas: Melinda Rankin, Elise Waerenjskjold; many Mexican Americans; Sam Houston’s vote against the Kansas—Nebraska Act (1854);
• Debate over slavery (federal versus local control); Texas believed that the federal government had no right to pass laws abolishing slavery.   Unionists wanted Texas to stay part of the United States (Sam Houston, Elisha Pease, David Burnet, Andrew J. Hamilton, James W. Throckmorton, John Hancock, Edmund J. Davis, George Hancock).
• Texans voted for secession on February 23, 1861.   Texas was the 7^th state to join the Confederate States of America.   On March 5, 1861, the Texas Secession Convention voted to officially join the Confederacy.   Governor Houston refused to pledge allegiance to the Confederacy so he was removed from office.

Texas and the Civil War

• Governor Francis R. Lubbock was elected in 1861
• September, 1861 10,000 Texans joined the Confederate army.   Over 60,000 fought at some point during the Civil War (and an estimated 20,000 died);   soldiers fought in major battles
• President Jefferson Davis welcomed Texas troops, “Texans!   The troops from other States have their reputation to gain, but the sons of the defenders of the Alamo have theirs to maintain.   I am sure you will be faithful to the trust.”
• Famous Texas units included: Terry’s Texas Rangers, Hood’s Texas Brigade, Ross’ Texas Brigade
• Texan officers in the Confederate army: Albert Sidney Johnston, John B. Hood, John Wharton, Thomas Green, Felix H. Robertson, Samuel Bell Maxey
• New Mexico Campaign — General Henry H. Sibley led Texas regiments to gain control of New Mexico through California (in order to gain gold and silver mines); they lost
• Fighting at Galveston Island — this port was the most important seaport to the Confederacy; the Union took control (October 1862), but January 1, 1963, General John B. Magruder and troops on Bayou City recaptured Galveston and Union soldiers
• Battle at Sabine Pass (September 8, 1863).   Guarded by Fort Sabine, Lieutenant Richard Dowling and the 40 Davis Guards defeated General William B. Franklin of the Union forces
• Capture of Brazos Island, Brownsville, Rio Grande City and Roma by the Union forces (November 1863), but Confederacy won them back
• Red River Campaign — Union planned to attack Texas along the Red River, but Confederacy kept the Union away from Texas
• Battle at Palmito Ranch — (May 12, 1865) — John S. Ford led this victory, but the Confederacy had already surrendered a month earlier!

Impact of the Civil War on Texas

• Major battles were far away, but…

• Shortages of supplies, so prices rose; newspapers stopped printing; lack of salt and medicine; discuss adaptations people made on a daily basis
• Farmers grew more corn and wheat (to feed soldiers) and less cotton; Texans received more slaves
• Women worked in factories,
• Center as a center of trade with Mexico (Union navy did not blockage Mexican ports)
• New industries (gunpowder factory, cannon and ammunition factories, iron foundaries)
• Political fighting in Texas stopped; everyone focused on the war
• Texans divided (those who supported secession supported the Confederate army, Unionists who remained neutral, Unionists who actively supported the United States); formation of the Peace party
• Discuss effects of the Civil War in Texas…the economy destroyed; Confederate government was considered illegal

Emancipation in Texas

• Troops arrived June 19, 1865; General Gordon Granger declared that all slaves were free (“Juneteenth”);   slaves left plantations, but many freedmen returned
• Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandonded Lands began in Texas in 1865 (provided food, shelter, and medicine); opened the 1^st school for blacks in Texas

Reconstruction in Texas

• Andrew J. Hamilton appointed provisional governor of Texas (June 1865); he appointed Unionists and Confederate leaders to help
• Constitutional Convention of 1866 — declared secession illegal, recognized the end to slavery, canceled the Confederate war debt; provided basic security and protection for blacks, but not equal rights (not allowed to vote) — refused to ratify the 13^th   or 14^th Amendments
• James W. Throckmorton (former Confederate) was elected governor in 1866; this angered some in Congress
• Black Codes — if freedmen did not have jobs, they could be put in jail; they could not leave their jobs or have visitors at work; they must respect and obey employers; vagrancy laws
• In November 1866, Radical Republicans took control of Congress and passed new Reconstruction acts.   New state governments were declared illegal; Texas became part of the Fifth Reconstruction Military District.   Commander Phillip H. Sheridan ensured black males were registered to vote; all voters had to take an “ironclad oath”
• General Sheridan removed Governor Throckmorton on July 30, 1867 and appointed Elisha M Pease
• Convention of 1868 — (June 1) divided into 2 faction — 1 led by Edmund J. Davis and George T. Ruby; the other led by Andrew J. Hamilton.  
• Constitution of 1869 — New Texas constitution finished in February; new items — it gave governor power to appoint state officials and judges; governor’s term extended to 4 years; legislature meets every year; money from sale of public land, ¼ of state revenue, and a poll tax of $1 per voter went to education; school was compulsory.   Edmund J. Davis won the election for governor
• Davis and supporters (Radical Republicans) passed the “obnoxious acts”, including ability to declare martial law, right to appoint state and local officials; new taxes were used to improve roads, defend of the frontier, and improve schools

End of the Reconstruction in Texas

• Richard Coke was elected governor in 1873, but Davis refused to leave office; he ordered the state militia to guard the capitol.   Coke was inaugurated on January 15)
• Constitution of 1876 — (similar to the one that we have today) — limits power of state government, governor’s term is two years, governor’s power to appoint state officials was reduced, legislature scheduled to meet every 2 years; limited ability of legislature to spend money; control of public schools were returned to local authority and school was no longer compulsory

Civil Rights in Texas

• American GI Forum, founded by Hector Garcia
• Congress of Racial Equality, chaired by James Farmer
• Smith v. Allwright (1944)
• Sweatt v. Painter (1950)

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

7.5:   The student understands how events and issues shaped the history of Texas during the Civil War and Reconstruction.

7.6:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas from Reconstruction through the beginning of the 20^th century.

The Texas Indians: The Plains Cultural Region

• Comanches
• Kiowas
• Lipan Apaches
• Mescalero Apaches
• Tonkawas

Southeastern Cultural Region

• Caddoes
• Atakapans
• Wichitas

Western Gulf Cultural Region

• Karankawas
• Coahuiltecans

Puelbo Cultural Region

• Jumanos
• Conchos
• Conflicts in Texas after US Annexation:
• Texas expected the federal government to handle conflicts with the Indians.   Many settlers moved into Indian territory….wars broke out for 30 years.
• United States policy was to make treaties with the Indians and station troops on the frontier to guard Texas settlements and keep settlers from moving further into Indian lands.
• US Treaty with Penateka Comanches (1846)
• Comanches and Kiowas indian raids (1847—1848); Rangers believed they were to protect Texans and punish indians
• Implications of the Colt six-shooter
• Establishment of forts after the Mexican War
• Implications of the California Gold Rush on Texas forts (1949)
• Reservation Policy (1854); problems — Indians refused to go to them; not enough land set aside for nomadic troops; reservation land was not good farm land; depended on the government agencies to supply them with food.   Indians from both of Texas’ reservations were transferred to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
• Alabama-Coushatta people are allowed to stay in Texas (1854)

The Indian Wars in Texas

• Frontier line moved 100 miles east; Comanches raided from Gainesville to Fredericksburg
• Indian Raids from 1860—1870; Elm Creek (1864)
• Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek (1867); U.S. Government set aside 3 million acres of land in Indian Territory, but raids continued
• Salt Creek Raid (1871); General Sherman received permission to attack Indians who did not live on reservations
• Colonel Ranald Mackenzie led troops (“Mackenzie’s Raiders”) who protected the Texas frontier from 1871–1875
• Famous Indians: Quanah Parker (Comanche), Lone Wolf (Kiowas), Stone Calf (Cheyennes), Victorio (Apache), Santanta (Kiowa)
• Buffalo hunters came to Texas in 1873 (without buffaloes, the Indians would need to live on reservations)
• Red River Wars (1874–1875)
• Battle of Adode Walls (June 27, 1874); buffalo guns gave defenders an advantage over the Indians
• Battle of Palo Duro Canyon (Indian refuge that Mackenzie’s Raiders destroyed); established Fort Elliot in 1875 to keep reservation Indians out of Texas
• After Red River Wars, the Panhandle opened to: cattle ranching, railroad building, and settlement, but the Rio Grande area still had Indian raids, so Mackenzie’s raiders were sent.   They finally killed Victorio in 1880.

7.1:   The student understands traditional historical points of reference in Texas history.

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

7.11 The student understands the characteristics, distribution, and migration of population in Texas in the 19^th and 20^th centuries.

• Llano Culture — 10–15,000 years ago
• Folsom Culture — 8–10,000 years ago
• Located near “Great Civilizations”

• Hernando Cortes (1519)
• Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda (1519)
• Diego de Camargo (1520)
• Cabeza de Vaca (1528) & Esteban
• Panfilo de Narvaez (1528)
• Francisco Vasquez de Corondao (1541)
• Indian stories of “Cibola” and “El Turco”
• Hernando de Soto (1542)
• Luis de Moscoso (1542)
• Juan de Onate (1601)
• Why did Spain decide not to settle Texas?

Attempts to remove Indians from Texas

• Athanase de Mezieres (1770s)

United States becomes a Threat to Texas

• Effects of the Louisiana Purchase — boundary dispute between Sabine and Hondo Rivers
• Neutral Ground (1806–1819)
• Adams–Onis Treaty (1819) — Sabine River is the border between Spain (Texas) and France (Louisiana)

Challenging Spain’s control on Texas

• Filibusters
• Phillip Nolan (1791)
• General James Wilkinson
• Rebellion led by Father Miguel Hidalgo (1810)
• Bernardo Gutierrez de Lara; Augustus William Magee — Gutierrez–Magee Expedition (1812)
• Republican Army of the North (1813)

• Mexicans and Americans cannot agree on a government for Texas

Policies towards Indians in the Texas Republic

• Sam Houston — national Indian policy; in all treaties, Houston included Indians’ rights to own title to their land
• Mirabeau Lamar — changed policy to remove Indians from Texas (1839 declaration that Indians had no claim to land and must leave Texas)
• Battle of Plum Creek (August 11, 1840)

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

• Economic troubles, “redbacks”
• United States is the 1^st to recognize Texas’ independence
• France is the 1^st European country to recognize Texas
• Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ independence; Santa Fe Expedition (1841); Mexico invades in (1842); Mier Expedition (1842); Mexico finally recognizes Texas (1845)

Note:   Focus on conceptual objectives — compare and contrast Texas History with American and World History noted in Core Knowledge using these TEKS.   Use primary sources whenever possible.

7.20 The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the political, economic, and social development of Texas.

7.21 The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

7.22 The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms

7.24  The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

• Jane Long — first Anglo woman to settle in Texas

Growth in Texas

• Research 1850 Census
• Research origin of United States immigrants to Texas after 1845
• Research European immigrants to Texas; Germans to Fredericksburg, Boerne, Comfort, Sisterdale, Bettina (1842); French to Castroville (1844); Polish to Pann Maria (1854); Czech to Praha, New Bremen, Fayetteville; Slavic, Jewish, Norwegian, Swedish, Italian, Dutch, and Belgian settlers too

Cattle in Texas

• First brought by conquistadors
• Missions depended upon cattle for food
• After the Civil War, the demand for beef grew (railroad lines shipped cattle easyt)

Texas Longhorns

• Mix of Spanish cattle and Anglo cattle; from 100,000 in 1836 to 3 million by 1860 — able to roam free in Texas
• Longhorns were tough and able to walk to the railroads
• First ranchers — Spanish missionaries and soldiers; famous ranchers: Martin de Leon and Placido Benavides; James Taylor White

Cattle Trails in Texas

7.10:   The student understands the effects of the interaction between humans and the environment in Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries.

7.11:   The student understands the characteristics, distribution, and migration of population in Texas in the 19^th and 20^th centuries.

7.12:   The student understands the factors that caused Texas to change from an agrarian to an urban society.

The Progressive Era in Texas

• Progressives concerned more with industry than agriculture.   Wanted to limit child labor, allow labor unions to organize, minimum wage, food inspection, women’s suffrage
• Texas Equal Rights Association (1893) “to advance education and equal rights of women and to secure suffrage to them by appropriate national and state legislation.

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

• Change in settlement policy (1680)
• Mission system (review from Grade 4); presidios; civil settlements
• Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de El Paso (1659)
• Corpus Christi de la Ysleta (1682)
• Threat to Spaniards in Mexico: Rene—Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle (1682); Fort St. Louis (1685)
• Bringing Christianity to Texas; Father Massanet (1690); Alonso De Leon (1690)

7.11:   The student understands the characteristics, distribution, and migration of population in Texas in the 19^th and 20^th centuries.

• Seven Year’s War (French & Indian War) (1754) (Review from Grade 4)

The Road to Revolution: Causes of Unrest in Texas

• Fredonian Rebellion (1825)
• Antislavery Law of 1829
• Mier y Teran Report (1828—1829); resulted in the
• Decree of April 6, 1830 (ended all immigration from the United States, sent Mexican soldiers into Texas,
• Turtle Bayou Resolutions (1832)
• Battle of Velasco
• Convention of 1832
• Convention of 1833

Austin tries many peaceful settlements with Mexican officials; but Santa Anna makes peace difficult

Austin meets with Santa Anna in Mexico City (1833) and is arrested in Saltillo

• Santa Anna rejects the Mexican constitution of 1824
• Conflict at Anahuac customs house (1835); Antonio Tenorio arrested a merchant who refused to pay taxes; William B. Travis led a march demanding Tenorio’s resignation
• General Martin Perfecto de Cos asked Texans to arrest William B. Travis, Samuel Williams, Francis W. Johnson, and Lorenzo de Zavala; he sent more troops to Texas
• The Consultation (October 15, 1835)
• Battle of Gonzales (October 2, 1835) — the first battle of the Texas Revolution; 160 Texas troops led by Colonel John H. Moore refused to surrender their cannon to the Mexican soldiers led by Lieutenant Francisco Castaneda.

The Texas Revolution

• Capture of Goliad (October 9, 1835).   Texans led by George Collinsworth and assisted by Ben Milam attacked this Mexican garrison.
• March on San Antonio (October 12, 1835); Texans led by James W. Fannin and James Bowie
• The Grass Fight (November 26, 1835).   Texas thought Mexicans were bringing horses, mules and silver to San Antonio.   They attacked and grabbed the bags which had grass for the animals — no silver.
• Battle and Victory at San Antonio.   Ben Milam and Francis W. Johnson led troops on December 5, 1835

The Consultation — met November 3, 1835

• Branch R. Archer, president; 58 delegates

• Declaration of the People of Texas (November 7, 1835).   Texans pledge loyalty to Mexico and the Constitution of 1824 (stated they wanted peace with Mexico and were only defending themselves against Santa Anna)

Texas’ Provisional Government and its problems (November 1835—March 1836)

• Henry Smith, provisional governor
• Sam Houston, commander—in—chief of the army (but there was no army and no taxes to raise money)
• Council duties unclear; Texans were arguing among themselves

Siege of the Alamo

• Troops led by Santa Anna, General Jose Urrea while Texans were scattered across the state
• Sam Houston ordered that James Bowie should go to San Antonio, destroy the Alamo and remove all weapons in order to give Texans time to get organized.   Bowie and Colonel Neill disobeyed.
• Reinforcements arrived in San Antonio with Colonel William Travis, James Bonham, David Crockett.
• Santa Anna arrived with troops earlier than expected on February 23, 1836 and surrounded the Alamo for a siege
• Travis’ letter “To the People of Texas & all Americans in the world.” Texans had 188 soldiers while Mexico had 5,000

Fall of the Alamo

• March 6, 1836.   182 Texans and 1,600 Mexicans were dead.  
• “Remember the Alamo” = fight for freedom at any cost

Convention of 1836

• Declared Texas independent from Mexico, created a government for the Republic of Texas
• Declaration of Independence   adopted on March 2 (Texas Independence Day); modeled after Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
• Constitution for Texas government, including a Bill of Rights (modeled after United States Constitution) — also encouraged immigration, created a school system, developed a free land policy; did not free slaves
• Ad interim government (David G. Burnet, president; Lorenzo de Zavala, vice president)
• Burning of Gonzales (March 12, 1836)
• Battle of Coleto Creek (March 20, 1836)
• Massacre at Goliad (March 27, 1836); “Remember Goliad!”
• Victory at San Jacinto (April 20, 1836)

7.2:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues prior to the Texas Revolution shaped the history of Texas.

7.3:    The student understands how individuals, events and issues related to the Texas Revolution shaped the history of Texas.

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

7.14:   The student understands the basic principles reflected in the Texas Constitution.

7.15:   The student understands the structure and functions of government created by the Texas Constitution.

• Republic of Texas (1836)   & State of Texas (1845):   public debt; land policy

The Industrial Revolution in Texas

New Technology in Texas

• Life in the missions
• Life in the presidios
• Life in civilian settlements

Mexican Independence

• Rebellion led by Father Hidalgo (1810)
• Father Hidalgo executed (1815)
• Revolution led by Agustin de Iturbide (1821)
• Mexican constitution completed (1824)

The Austin Colony

• Moses Austin (1820) wanted to bring 300 families to Texas; meeting with Antonio Martinez at the Plaza de Armas at San Antonio de   Bexar
• Baron de Bastrop convinced Governor Martinez to grant Austin’s request (immigrants as a “buffer” against the Indians)
• Stephen Fuller Austin recruited colonists for the Texas colony after his father (Moses Austin) died (1821); colonization grant; the Lively (supply ship)
• Persuaded Mexico for a new contract for colony establishment after Iturbide was overthrown (1823)
• Early problems — shortage of food, drought, indian raids, fighting among themselves
• Old Three Hundred (1825) — original colonization grant had been for 300 families
• Capital established at San Felipe de Austin (1823); center of business, social and political life
• The “Little Colony”; Bastrop was the capital (1827)

Colonization Laws in Texas

• National Colonization Law (1824) — gave each Mexican state the right to govern it own lands and set colonization policies
• Texas was considered part of Coahuila
• Baron de Bastrop represented Texas in the legislature
• Texas declared open to all foreign immigration (1824)   No immigration tax due from immigrants for ten years; must be Roman Catholic
• Empresarios = business people who brought settlers to Texas (like Austin); received 23,000 acres for every 100 families; Green DeWitt; Arthur Wavell, Benjamin Milam, David G. Burnet, Joseph Vehlein, Lorenzo de Zavala; Martin de Leon
• Conflict of interest between Austin and his motivation to help colonists; speculators; squatters
• Tejanos — native Mexicans living in Texas (1820s_

Texas Fever (1820—1830)

• “Gone to Texas” (G.T.T.)
• 12 ½ cents per acre
• choosing land, building houses

Discuss colonial way of life, including food , clothing, education, religion, business and trade, transportation

Famous Texas colonists

• Stephen F. Austin, David G. Burnet, Henry Smith, Jared Groce, Mary Austin Holley, Nancy Tevis
• Erasmo and Juan Seguin, Patricia de Leon, Jose Antonio Navarro
• Frederich Ernst
• William Alley
• Jane McManus Cazneau
• Samuel Hardin, Lewis Jones, Greenberry Logan, Hendrick Arnold, William Goyens

The Republic of Texas

• Treaties of Velasco; 1 — Santa Anna agreed to end fighting in Texas & exchange prisoners; 2— Santa Anna promised to get the Mexican government to recognize Texas’ independence
• Santa Anna sent home on the Invincible

The Election 1836

• Sam Houston, president
• Mirabeau B. Lamar, vice president
• Stephen F. Austin, secretary of state
• Capital moved to Houston

Presidents of the Republic of Texas

• Sam Houston (1836); establishment of taxes; Texas Land Policy; Indian Policy
• Mirebeau B. Lamar (1838); commitment to education — “a cultivated mind is the guardian genius of Democracy, and while guided and controlled by virtue, the noblest attribute to man.”; moved capital to Austin (named in honor of Stephen F. Austin)
• Sam Houston (1841); worked to reduce debt of the Republic of Texas; returned to peaceful policies of first administration (Treaty of Tehuacana Creek); Regulator—Moderator War
• Dr. Anson Jones (1844)

Spanish—American War in Texas

• Texas was a site where soldiers were trained
• San Antonio is famous for the Rough Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt

Mexican Revolution of 1910

• Pancho Villa, upset over the United States’ recognition of Venustiano Carranza’s government, attacked the Texas border.   President Wilson sent troops and the Texas Rangers to invade northern Mexico.
• Struggles between Anglo Texans and Mexican Texans led to a Mexican revolutionary movement called the Plan de San Diego.   There was a lot of fighting in the Valley between 1915—1917

7.2:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues prior to the Texas Revolution shaped the history of Texas.

7.3:    The student understands how individuals, events and issues related to the Texas Revolution shaped the history of Texas.

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

Note:   Focus on conceptual objectives — compare and contrast Texas History with American and World History noted in Core Knowledge using these TEKS.   Use primary sources whenever possible.

7.20  The student understands the impact of scientific discoveries and technological innovations on the political, economic, and social development of Texas.

7.21  The student applies critical-thinking skills to organize and use information acquired from a variety of sources including electronic technology.

7.22  The student communicates in written, oral, and visual forms

7.25  The student uses problem-solving and decision-making skills, working independently and with others, in a variety of settings.

7^th

• US Debate over annexation of Texas (1830–1840); Polk favored annexation and won the presidential election (1844)
• Annexation Resolution (February 28, 1845)
• Texas joins the United States — discuss steps to becoming a state (July–December, 1845)
• Texas’ first governor, James Pinckney Henderson (elected on December 15, 1845 and took charge February 19, 1846)
• Constitution of 1845 (discuss similarities and differences with the constitution of the Republic of Texas and the US Constitution)

Growth of Urban Texas

• 1900 — 80% of Texans lived on farms
• Discuss mix of cultures in Texas (1990s); many immigrants came to Texas
• Compare life in rural areas versus cities in 1900s; discuss changes in leisure time and entertainment
• Urban Progressives and their influence on improving welfare of people in cities, charities, schools; not concerned with segregation
• Major political issues between 1900—1920: women’s suffrage and prohibition

Women’s suffrage

• Texas Women’s Suffrage Association; Eleanor Brackenridge, Minnie Fisher Cunningham, Annie Webb Blanton, Jane McCallum
• Annie Webb Blanton — first woman elected to political office
• Texas Equal Suffrage Association; Christia Adair, Jovita Idar

Prohibition (debated from 1908—1919)

• Women’s Temperance Union, Texas Anti-Saloon League
• 1919 — Texas made sale of alcoholic drinks forbidden
• “Father Jim” (James E. Ferguson) elected governor in 1914

7.4:   The student understands how individuals, events and issues shaped the history of the Republic of Texas and early Texas statehood.

7.7:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the 20^th century.

7.10: The student understands the effects of the interaction between humans and the environment in Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries.

7.12: The student understands the factors that caused Texas to change from an agrarian to an urban society.

• 200,000 Texans served, including 500 female nurses
• Presidential advisors from Texas — Edward M House, Thomas Watt Gregory (attorney general)
• Major military training camps: Camp Bowie (Fort Worth), Camp Travis (San Antonio), Camp Logan (Houston), Camp MacArthur (Waco); pilots trained at Kelly Field (San Antonio)

Post War changes in Texas

• Intolerance towards German Americans — no studying of German ancestry, language in school, no money to the German department at UT, libraries removed books about Germans; troubles in Fredericksburg and New Braunfels
• Tensions increased with new immigrants, Roman Catholics, Jews and between blacks and whites
• Industry changed — from producing tanks, guns, and ammunition to consumer goods; oil discoveries continued (C. M. “Dad” Joiner, Clint Murchison, Sid Richardson, H.L.Hunt, Howard Hughes

7.7:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the 20^th century.

7.10: The student understands the effects of the interaction between humans and the environment in Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries.

• similar to the rest of the country
• WBAP in Fort Worth (first radio station)
• Improved education & highways
• First female governor — Miriam Ferguson (1925)
• Formation of NAACP in Houston (1912); LULAC formed in 1929; Blacks and Mexican Americans fight for equal rights in the 1920s
• Growth of agriculture and cattle raising continued, but prices dropped and many farmers fell into debt

The Great Depression in Texas

• Less severe than across the country with only 7% of Texans on relief.   Why?   Farms and oil.   You could grow food to feed your family on a farm and the oil industry provided jobs.
• East Texas Oil Field opened in 1930
• Governor Ross Sterling (1931) declared martial law in East Texas — so many companies were drilling that the price dropped to $.20 a barrel.   The National Guard ensured proration.

The New Deal in Texas

• Received $50 million from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
• Civilian Conservation Corps employed 100,000 Texans to repair bridges, dams and roads.   In the Panhandle they planted trees to avoid future dust bowls.   In Central Texas, they built roadside parks.
• Public Works Administration and Works Progress Administration
• John Nance Garner of Uvalde was Roosevelt’s vice president; Jesse Jones; Sam Rayburn.
• Prohibition was repealed in 1935
• Governor James V. Allred (1934, 1936); Texas Employment Commission established in 1936

7.7:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the 20^th century.

• Military training site — 15 army camps and 40 airfields: Kelly, Brooks, Randolph, Lackland (San Antonio); navy in Corpus Christi, Kingsville, Beeville, and Grand Prarie
• 750,000 Texans served in the war
• Famous Texans: General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Audie Murphy, Dorie Miller
• New factories opened: aircraft factories (Fort Worth, Garland, Grand Prarie); shipyards (Houston, Galveston, Port Arthur, Orange, Beaumont, Brownsville, Rockport); steel mills (Houston, Daingerfield)
• Immigration increased from Mexico — people looking for jobs

Post World War II in Texas

• Discuss changes in population, transportation, communication, education ,style of life

New Leaders

• Henry B. Gonzalez (1956), Texas Senate and United States House of Representatives
• Barbara Jordan (1966), Texas Senate, United States House of Representatives
• Beauford Jester, Texas governor (1946, 1948); Gilmer—Aiken Law, Texas Education Agency established

7.7:    The student understands how individuals, events, and issues shaped the history of Texas during the 20^th century.

7.10: The student understands the effects of the interaction between humans and the environment in Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Landforms & Characteristics of Texas Climate

The Regions of Texas

• Gulf Coastal Plains
• Central Plains
• Great Plains
• Rocky Mountains

7.9:   The student understands the locations and characteristics of places and regions of Texas.

• Henry B. Gonzalez (1956), Texas Senate and United States House of Representatives
• Barbara Jordan (1966), Texas Senate, United States House of Representatives
• Beauford Jester, Texas governor (1946, 1948); Gilmer-Aiken Law, Texas Education Agency established
• John B. Connally, Texas governor (1962, 1964, 1966) — rode with Kennedy the day he was assassinated

Texas in the United States

• Tidelands Controversy (1949); Price Daniel

Governors of a Two-Party State

• Preston Smith, Democrat (1968, 1970)
• Dolph Briscoe, Democrat (1972, 1974, 1976)
• William Clements, Republican (1978)
• Mark White, Democrat (1982)
• William Clements, Republican (1986)
• Ann Richards, Democrat (1990) — 2^nd female governor
• George W. Bush, Jr (Republican) (1994, 1998)

Texas Government: Past

• Political parties (began in 1840): Democrats and Whigs
• Early Texas Governors: James Pinckney Henderson(1845); George T. Wood (1847); Peter Hansborough Bell (1849 & 1851); Elisha M. Pease (1853 & 1855); Hardin R. Runnels (1857); Sam Houston (1859)

Texas Government: Present

• Sharpstown Affair (1971) resulted in making meetings and minutes open to the public, elected officials have to disclose donations received and spent, length of governor’s term extended to four years
• The Texas Constitution
• Texas Legislative Structure (qualifications, term of office, districts, salary, sessions, powers)
• Texas Executive Structure (qualifications, term of office, powers, administrative agencies)
• Texas Legislative Structure (qualifications, cases, courts, court structure)
• Local government (counties and municipalities, school districts)
• Public Education (local , state, and national roles)

7.13:   The student understands the interdependence of the Texas economy with the United States and the world.

7.14:    The student understands the basic principles reflected in the Texas Constitution.

7.15:   The student understands the structure and functions of government created by the Texas Constitution.

7.16:   The student understands the rights and responsibilities of Texas citizens.

7.17:   The student understands the importance of the expression of different points of view in a democratic society.

7.18:   The student understands the importance of effective leadership in a democratic society.

7.19: The student understands the concept of diversity within unity in Texas.